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Background@#Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle, deer, bison, water buffalo, and pigs caused by the gamma-herpesviruses alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) and ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). @*Objectives@#This study aimed to determine the prevalence of OvHV-2 in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffalo in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, by applying molecular and phylogenetic methods. @*Methods@#Blood samples were aspirated from sheep (n = 54), goat (n = 50), cattle (n = 46) and buffalo (n= 50) at a slaughterhouse and several farms. The samples were subjected to heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the OvHV-2 POL gene and the OvHV-2 ORF75 tegument protein gene. @*Results@#The highest percentage of MCF positive samples was in sheep (13%), whereas goat, cattle, and buffalo had lower positive percentages, 11%, 9%, and 6.5%, respectively. Four OvHV-2-positive PCR products obtained from sheep samples were sequenced. The sequences obtained were submitted to the NCBI GenBank database (MK852173 for the POL gene;MK840962, MK852171, and MK852172 for the ORF75 tegument protein gene). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close similarity of study sequences with those of worldwide samples. @*Conclusions@#This study is the first cross-sectional study on the prevalence and molecular detection of OvHV-2 in apparently healthy cattle and buffalo that could be carrying OvHV-2 acquired from OvHV-2-positive sheep and goats. The results indicate that OvHV-2 is circulating in Pakistan. Further studies are needed to characterize OvHV-2 and elucidate further its prevalence.
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Background@#Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle, deer, bison, water buffalo, and pigs caused by the gamma-herpesviruses alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) and ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). @*Objectives@#This study aimed to determine the prevalence of OvHV-2 in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffalo in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, by applying molecular and phylogenetic methods. @*Methods@#Blood samples were aspirated from sheep (n = 54), goat (n = 50), cattle (n = 46) and buffalo (n= 50) at a slaughterhouse and several farms. The samples were subjected to heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the OvHV-2 POL gene and the OvHV-2 ORF75 tegument protein gene. @*Results@#The highest percentage of MCF positive samples was in sheep (13%), whereas goat, cattle, and buffalo had lower positive percentages, 11%, 9%, and 6.5%, respectively. Four OvHV-2-positive PCR products obtained from sheep samples were sequenced. The sequences obtained were submitted to the NCBI GenBank database (MK852173 for the POL gene;MK840962, MK852171, and MK852172 for the ORF75 tegument protein gene). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close similarity of study sequences with those of worldwide samples. @*Conclusions@#This study is the first cross-sectional study on the prevalence and molecular detection of OvHV-2 in apparently healthy cattle and buffalo that could be carrying OvHV-2 acquired from OvHV-2-positive sheep and goats. The results indicate that OvHV-2 is circulating in Pakistan. Further studies are needed to characterize OvHV-2 and elucidate further its prevalence.
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Aims:To studysocietal determinants of anemia among women of reproductive age (WRA) and elaborate the role of community pharmacist for its management. Study Design:To investigatethe societal determinants of anemia, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Muzaffarabad district of AJK, Pakistan.Methodology:We collected the data from 384 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) having at least one child using a self-constructed interview schedule.The population sample size was calculated using Krejcie formula and purposive sampling was used for data collection. Two hospitals, Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences and combined military hospital Muzaffarabad were selected for blood samples to screen the hemoglobin (Hb) level of the respondents and data collection. Univariate analysis was performed to examine the frequency distributions and percentages of cases depending on a single variable at a time. The bivariate analysis was performed usingchi-square test to determine empirical relationship between the anemia severity and socio-cultural risk factors of this ailment. The odd ratios were computed to investigate the odds of occurrence of anemia among respondents. The results were considered statistically significant at significance level ≤ 0.05. Results:The findings revealed that prevalence of mild, moderate and severe anemia are 26.3%, 40.9% and 14.3% respectively among WRA, which showsthat anemia is a significant health problem from public health perspective in the region. Major contributing factors are respondent’s and her husband’s education, age at marriage, number of pregnancies, knowledge about balanced diet and anemia, male preference in food intake and violence.Conclusion:Anemia is a multifactorial problem among WRA in the study population, which can be dealt with using an integrated approach by combating malnutrition, provision of adequate healthcare, quality education and devising strategies for avoiding domestic violence. The community pharmacists can play an effective role to educate people about the selection of iron supplementation for adequate management of anemia among WRA
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Heerfordt-Waldenstr?m syndrome is also referred to as uveoparotid fever. In our patient physical examination showed bilateral parotid gland enlargement. Chest X-ray showed bilateral hilar lymph adenopathy. Biopsy specimen from the right parotid gland revealed scattered granulomas with focal central necrosis. Stains for acid-fast bacilli and fungi were negative. He was diagnosed as a case of Heerfordt- Waldenstr?m syndrome, a rare form of sarcoidosis in which the compression of the facial nerve results in palsy. He was treated with 60 mg of prednisone daily, and at follow-up after two weeks later, the swelling and uveitis was resolved
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Background: urinary stones disease is a global problem with a declining incidence since 19[th] century. Commonly seen in Middle East and China, bladder stones are however rare in the western world. Giant vesical calculi especially those weighing more than 100 grams, are even rare in today's urologic practice due to early sought medical attention and prompt treatment
Case Presentation: the current case report is about a 40 years old Asian male who presented with dysuria, suprapubic pain, difficulty in micturition and intermittent pyrexia and hematuria for the last 1 year. Investigations revealed severe anemia, raised white blood cell count, serum urea and creatinine. Radiological investigations confirmed the presence of a large vesical stone. Initial management included Percutaneous Nephrostomy along with pre-operative preparation of the patient followed by open vesicolithotomy. Clearance of the obstruction resulted in improvement of renal function and patient was discharged home in satisfactory condition
Conclusion: despite the overall decline in the incidence of urinary stones and development in the diagnostic and interventional urology, neglected cases are still seen in the outdoors due to lack of knowledge and awareness at the patient level and inadequate availability of investigation facilities in the developing countries. This sufficiently delays the treatment and results in severe complications which at times may be permanent and un compensate able
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To evaluate the presence of intrinsic factor antibody in vitamin B12 deficient patients. Cross-sectional, observational study. Fauji Foundation Hospital, Foundation University Medical College and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from January 2011 to June 2012. A total of 120 patients of megaloblastic anaemia were selected on the basis of low serum vitamin B12 level. The intrinsic factor antibody tests were performed by ELISA method. The patients were considered positive or negative on the basis of presence or absence of intrinsic factor antibody respectively. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 14. Pernicious anaemia with intrinsic factor deficiency was found in 13.3% in 120 vitamin B12 deficient patients. The mean age of patients of pernicious anaemia was 41.5 years, with a male to female ratio of 1:2.5. It was relatively more common in older age [17% in age more than 60 years] as compared to other age groups. Frequency of pernicious anaemia in megaloblastic anaemia was 13.3%. The male to female ratio was 1:2.5 and it was relatively more common in age group of more than 60 years
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anemia, Pernicious/congenital , Intrinsic Factor/deficiency , Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/complications , Intrinsic Factor/immunologyABSTRACT
Objective: To observe the protective effect of Curcuma Longa in Nitro-Methane Sulfonamide induced hepatotoxicity
Study design: Experimental Case Control Study
Place and duration: Departments of Physiology and Postgraduate Research Lab of ISRA University Hyderabad, from 1st June 2012 to 31st December 2012
Methodology: 40 male albino Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups of 10 each. Group A used as the control group and was fed the normal rat chow for 09 days. Group B was fed with Nitro-Methane sulfonamide for 09 days followed by Curcuma Longa for next 09 days. Group C was given Curcuma Longa for 09 days followed by Nitro-Methanesulfonamide for next 09 days. Group D was given Nitro-Methane sulfonamide in combination with Curcuma Longa for 09 days. After 24 hours of feeding, blood samples from groups A and D were taken from dorsal vein in the tail of rats for biochemical analysis of serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP and a-GT at days 01 and 09 and for groups B and C blood samples were collected at day 01, day 09 and day 18
Results: The analysis showed that prevention from the Nitro-Methane sulfonamide induced hepatotoxicity by the Curcuma Longa administration was observed after 18 days with a p value < 0.012, and Pearson's correlation for regression at - 0.06 and -0.07
Conclusion: The results have clearly proven that Curcuma Longa in powdered form as used in the daily diet in our part of world acts as a homeostatic booster against a huge variety of stressors especially "over the counter" drug induced hepatic stresses
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To evaluate the effect of high dose thiamine on postprandial blood glucose [PPBG] and hemoglobin A 1C levels in induced diabetic albino rat model. Experimental/Analytical study. Animal House, Isra University Hyderabad from March to October 2013. Forty adult albino rats were divided into four groups; Group I. Controls receiving normal diet, Group II. Controls receiving thiamine fortified diet, Group III. Diabetics receiving normal diet and Group IV. Diabetics receiving thiamine fortified diet. Diabetes mellitus was induced using Streptozocin. Thiamine was given at a dose of 1.6 g/kg body weight. Venous blood samples were drawn from animal's tail with a small bore cannula before and after 12 weeks of experimentation. The PPBG levels and Glycosylated HbA [HbA1c] were measured. The data was converted into database and analyzed on SPSS version 21.0 by ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer's test. A p-value of
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To investigate the protective effect of Pentoxifylline [PTX] in carbon tetrachloride [CC1[4]] induced liver injury in adult male Wistar rat model. Experimental/Analytical study. Animal House, Isra University Hyderabad from May to December 2012. Forty five adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups; Group A. controls received 0.9% isotonic saline, Group B. received CC1[4] orally [I.9mg/kg] mixed in olive oil, and Group C. received the PTX+ CC1[4]. Blood samples were collected for liver biochemical assays. The animals were sacrificed, liver tissue, after fixation in 4% formaldehyde, was embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections of 5micro thickness were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin staining and were assessed by light microscopy. The data was analyzed on SPSS 21.0 using one-way ANOVA, Tukey-Cramer and Chi-square tests. A p-value of
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Objectives: To find out the simple, economical and diagnostic test for detecting Acute Myocardial Infraction [AMI] at distant areas
Study Design: Cross sectional study
PLACE AND DURATION: Six months
Methodology: 03 ml of blood sample was collected from 140 patients presenting to the Emergency /Coronary Care Units of hospitals viz Isra University Hyderabad, Red Crescent Hyderabad and Civil Hospital Hyderabad. The slides were prepared and white blood cells were counted microscopically at Post Graduate laboratory of Isra University Hyderabad
Results: In present study Neutrophil/Lymphocyte [N/L] ratio was observed and compared in both subjects [cardiac and non-cardiac]
The N/L ratio was found to be normal in non-cardiac patients but was significantly raised in patients with myocardial infarction
Especially in Acute Myocardial Infarction with ST segment elevation [AMI-STE] in comparison to Acute Myocardial Infarction with non STsegment elevation [AMI-NSTE] was also observed [p< 0.001]
Conclusion: The N/L ratio was significantly raised in patients with AMI suggesting an additional diagnostic parameter for AMI at primary health care units
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Objectives: To observe and assess the efficacy of Aloe Vera extract on skin wound healing
Study Design: Analytic and experimental
Place And Duration: Departments of Physiology, Pathology and Postgraduate Research Lab of ISRA University Hyderabad, from June 2011 to December 2011
Methodology: 20 millimeter long cuts were made over the back of 18 rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three groups A,B and C, each comprising 06 numbers, and treated daily for 11 days with Xylo Aid, mixture of Xylo Aid and Alo Vera extract and Aloe Vera extract, and marked blue, black and green respectively. Taking the operation day as zero, 3 rabbits were sacrificed after 24 hours and then alternatively till the llth post-operative day. The entire wound area along with 4-5 mm of the surrounding skin was excised and fixated in 10% formaldehyde, after processing sections were made stained with Hand E and observed under microscope, the fibroblasts were counted to see the quality of wound healing, keeping group A as control the results were tabulated
Results: Visual observation showed that by llth day post wounding the recovery was 75% approximately with Aloe Vera extract application, 50% and 30% was observed with mixture application and Xylo Aid respectively
Conclusion: Aloe Vera application for 11 days on rabbit skin wound showed better healing process in comparison to mixture and Xylo Aid
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The present study intends to evaluate the current trends of acute poisoning reporting at private medical center of Rural Sindh. Descriptive/Retrospective study. This study was carried out at Murk General Hospital Tando Adam from January through December 2012. Sixty patients with a history of poisoning were studied. The diagnosis of poisoning was based on history of patients as disclosed by relatives, clinical findings, investigations and response to treatment. The age, sex, social class, cause and types of poison were noted. The data was collected on a proforma. The variables were typed on SPSS version 21 for analysis. The mean age of subjects was 33 +/- 7.5 years. The most affected age group was 20-29.9 years [n=43] [71.6%]. Of sixty subjects, 23[38.3%] were male and 27 [61.6%] female. [p=0.001]. Of sixty subjects, 75% [n=45] are farmers belonging to lower social class of rural population, suffering from organophosphate pesticide poisoning [48.3%]. Comparing rural to urban population, it shows rural population is suffering more; 88.3% [n=53] vs. 11.6% [n=7]. The frequency of organophosphate poisoning is found high 48.3% [n=29] in patients coming from rural areas usually farmers. The accidental organophosphate poisoning is found most frequent in rural population. The alcohol is the second most frequent cause of acute poisoning found in 18.3% of cases. Incidence of accidental poisoning is found very high from organophosphate pesticides. Sale of drugs, Diazepam and Alprazolam, must be prohibited without proper prescription. It is recommended that measures may be taken to make aware the farmers for using the organophosphate pesticides properly
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Bone marrow trephine biopsy is a well established minor surgical procedure for the inspection of bone marrow usually done along with bone marrow aspiration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the length of trephine biopsies and the rate of positivity for diagnosis as well as unfit biopsies in various length ranges. This retrospective study was conducted at Fauji Foundation Hospital and Foundation University Medical College Rawalpindi from Jan 2007 to Dec 2009. A total of 394 trephine biopsy reports were collected and reviewed. The criterion for adequate trephine biopsy was >/= 1.5 Cm. The biopsies were divided into four groups according to length, i.e., group-1: >/= 1.5 Cm, group-2: 1-1.4 Cm, group-3: 0.5-0.9 Cm, and group-4: <0.5 Cm. The adequacy of trephine biopsy length and rate of positive diagnosis as well as unfit biopsies were compared. Total 394 trephine biopsies were reviewed. Group-1 included 88 biopsies and 87 [98.9%] had positive diagnosis. Group-2 included 137 biopsies and 133 [97.1%] had positive diagnosis. Group-3 included 99 biopsies and 91 [92%] had positive diagnosis. Group-4 included 70 biopsies and 57 [81.4%] had positive diagnosis. There was no significant difference between group-1 and group-2 for the rate of positivity of diagnosis [p=0.65]. In group-1, 1 [1.1%] was unfit for evaluation, in group-2, 4 [2.9%] were unfit, in group-3, 8 [8%] were unfit, and in group-4, 13 [18.5%] were unfit for evaluation. Total 26 trephine biopsies were unfit for evaluation, out of which 13 [50%] belonged to group-4. Trephine biopsies that were unfit for evaluation were 4 [4.9%] in 2007, 17 [10.5%] in 2008, and 5 [3.3%] in 2009. Although 22.3% biopsies were of recommended length there was no significant difference in rate of positive diagnosis between biopsies of >/= 1.5 Cm and 1-1.4 Cm
Subject(s)
Humans , Medical Audit , Bone Marrow Examination , Retrospective Studies , BiopsyABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal complications and recommend remedies to computer users at ISRA University, Hyderabad
Design:Descriptive cross-sectional study
Place and Duration: This study was conducted from October 2009 to March 2010 at ISRA University, Hyderabad
Methodology: One hundred computer users [54 males and 46 females] of Isra University were enrolled in this study. Through a questionnaire, data were collected and statistically evaluated using the Chi-square test. Furthermore, remedies [rest, physiotherapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDS] and muscle relaxant] were prescribed for relief, according to the grading of complications
Results: The frequency of musculoskeletal complications in either group [male or female] was 52.63% in those who had been in contact with computers for less than or equal to 2 hrs, 68.18% between 2-4 hrs, 81.48% between 4-6 hrs, and 93.75% more than 6 hrs, respectively. The frequency of musculoskeletal complications [neck pain, low backache, shoulder pain, and elbow and wrist pain] was graded according to a scale of pain ranging from grade I to grade V with respect to the number of hours spent with computers
Conclusion: The results of the study revealed that most subjects had complaints of musculoskeletal complications directly proportional to the extensive use of a computer. The pattern observed in evaluating pain on a grading scale suggests opportunities for remedies
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The antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is a worldwide problem that results due to chemotherapy of microbial diseases. The appearance of gradual resistance shows that a single antibiotic loses its effectiveness with the laps of time against microorganisms. Bacteria: may develop resistance intrinsically or acquire it either vertically or horizontally. This review highlights the mechanisms involved in the resistance development-of bacterial species against different classes of widely used antibiotics
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A Multiple Myeloma [MM] is rare in younger age group. We report MM in a 30-year-old female, who presented with multiple lytic areas upon skeletal survey, but with negative Bence Jones protein. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed it to be a case of multiple myeloma. Patient was put on chemotherapy and radiography to which she responded and now is ambulatory
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Bence Jones Protein , Bone Marrow/pathology , Biopsy , Technetium Tc 99m Medronate , Neoplasm MetastasisABSTRACT
Infection in orthopedic surgery is a disaster both for the patient and surgeon. Although its incidence has been reduced due to modern theatre facilities and aseptic measures but in developing countries its prevalence is still high. It is better to prevent infection rather than to treat it. The objective of this study is to know the frequency of infection in orthopedic implant surgery in a public hospital and to evaluate the risk factors, causative organism, complications and treatment. This prospective study was conducted in orthopedic unit-B Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, from 1[st] April 2007 to 30[th] October 2007. Close fracture cases admitted for internal fixation devices were included. The exclusion criteria were soft tissue surgery, wounds and open fractures needing external fixation devices. The follow up was done for six months. Infection developed in 6 patients [5.76%], out of which superficial and deep infections were 2 [1.92%] and 4 [3.84%] respectively. There were 2 infection cases in each stage of the infection i.e. early, delayed and late. The staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism, i.e., 3 [50%] out of 6. The age of the patients was more than 60 years in 3 [2.88%] patients, 30 to 60 years in 2 [1.92%] patients and below 30 year in 1 [0.96%] patient. The smoking history was in 2 [1.92%] patients. Infection rate in our study was quite high and needs proper measures to control it because it had great financial burden on patient and on hospital resources and could lead to morbidity and mortality in patients. We could not find significant risk factors in our small sample size study although the infection was relatively more common in patients with advanced age, prolonged surgery time, smoking and skin abrasion at fracture site. Commonest organism was Staphylococcus aureus